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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in KoreanIn addition to the learner-internal aspects, CLKs' awareness of pragmatic resistance and the relationship advantages they could draw on were crucial. For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both have cited their relationships with their local professors as an important reason for them to choose to avoid expressing criticism of a strict professor (see example 2).This article reviews all local published practical research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on the practical fundamental topics like:Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)The discourse completion test (DCT) is an instrument that is widely used in the field of pragmatic research. It has many advantages however, it also has some drawbacks. For example the DCT is unable to account for cultural and personal variations in communication. The DCT can also be biased and can lead to overgeneralizations. As a result, it must be carefully analyzed before using it for research or for assessment purposes.Despite its limitations the DCT can be a useful tool for analyzing the relationship between prosody, information structure and non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to influence the social variables that are related to politeness can be a strength. This can assist researchers study the role of prosody in communicating across cultural contexts, a key issue in cross-cultural pragmatics.In the field of linguistics DCT is among the most effective tools to study the behavior of communication learners. It can be used to examine various aspects that include politeness, turn taking, and lexical selection. It can be used to assess phonological complexity in learners speaking.A recent study used a DCT to test EFL students' ability to resist. Participants were given an array of scenarios and were asked to select an appropriate response from the options provided. The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing such as a questionnaire or video recordings. Researchers warned, however, that the DCT must be used with caution. They also recommended using other data collection methods.DCTs are typically created with specific linguistic requirements in mind, such as content and form. These criteria are based on intuition and based upon the assumptions of test creators. They are not necessarily precise, and they could be misleading about the way ELF learners actually reject requests in actual interactions. This issue requires more research into different methods of assessing refusal ability.In a recent study DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared to those from an oral DCT. The results revealed that the DCT encouraged more direct and conventionally form-based requests, and a lesser use of hints than the email data did.Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)This study explored Chinese learners' pragmatic decisions regarding their use of Korean using a variety of experimental tools, including Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). The participants were 46 CLKs of upper intermediate level who answered MQs, DCTs, and RIs. 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 were also asked to reflect on their evaluation and refusal performance in RIs. The results showed that CLKs frequently chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms, and their choices were influenced by four major factors: their personalities, multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories, and relational benefits. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.The MQ data was analyzed first to determine the participants' practical choices. The data were categorized according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the responses were compared to their linguistic performance on the DCTs to determine whether they were a reflection of pragmatic resistance or not. The interviewees were asked to justify their decision to use pragmatic language in a given scenario.The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were examined using descriptive statistics and z tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic words like "sorry" or "thank you". 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 was probably due to their lack of familiarity with the target languages, which led to a lack of understanding of korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preferences to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to converge towards L1 varied depending on the DCT situations. In the scenarios 3 and 12 CLKs favored diverging from both L1pragmatic norms - and L2-pragmatic norms while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms.The RIs showed that CLKs knew about their pragmatic resistance to each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one within two days after participants had completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, then coded by two coders who were independent. Coding was an iterative process, where the coders read and discussed each transcript. The results of the coding process were evaluated against the original RI transcripts, which provided an indication of how well the RIs captured the underlying pragmatic behavior.Refusal Interviews (RIs)One of the major questions in pragmatic research is why learners decide to rescind the pragmatic norms of native speakers. A recent study sought to answer this question employing a range of experimental tools, such as DCTs, MQs, and RIs. The participants comprised 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. Participants were required to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI where they were required to reflect and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.The results showed that on average, the CLKs resisted the pragmatic norms of native speakers in more than 40% of their answers. They did this even when they could produce patterns that resembled native speakers. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their choice to learner-internal variables such as their personalities and multilingual identities. They also referred external factors, like relationship affordances. They also discussed, for instance how their interactions with their professors helped them to perform better in terms of the linguistic and social expectations of their university.The interviewees expressed their concern about the social pressures or consequences they could face when their social norms were violated. 프라그마틱 체험 were concerned that their native interactants might think they are "foreigners" and believe they are not intelligent. This is similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).These findings suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are not the preferred choice of Korean learners. They could still be useful for official Korean proficiency testing. But it is advisable for future researchers to reconsider their applicability in specific situations and in various contexts. This will help them better understand the effect of different cultural contexts on the classroom behavior and interactions of students in L2. Moreover it will assist educators to create more effective methods to teach and test the korea-based pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul.Case StudiesThe case study method is an investigative technique that relies on participant-centered, deep studies to study a specific subject. It is a method that uses multiple data sources to support the findings, including interviews or observations, documents and artifacts. This type of investigation can be used to analyze unique or complex topics that are difficult for other methods to measure.In a case study the first step is to clearly define the subject as well as the objectives of the study. This will allow you to identify which aspects of the topic are important to investigate and which can be omitted. It is also useful to read the research to gain a broad understanding of the subject. It will also help place the situation in a larger theoretical context.This case study was based on an open source platform that is the KMMLU leaderboard [50], and its benchmarks that are specific to Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this study showed that L2 Korean learners were highly dependent on the influence of native models. They tended to select wrong answers that were literal interpretations of the prompts, thereby ignoring accurate pragmatic inference. They also showed a distinct tendency of adding their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This lowered the quality of their responses.The participants of this study were L2 Korean students who had attained level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second year at university and hoped to reach level six by their next attempt. They were asked questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, their pragmatic awareness and understanding and perception of the world.The interviewees were presented two scenarios, each of which involved a hypothetical interaction with their interlocutors and asked to choose one of the following strategies when making an inquiry. They were then asked to provide the reasoning behind their choice. The majority of participants attributed their pragmatist opposition to their personality. For instance, TS claimed that she was difficult to talk to, and therefore refused to ask about the well-being of her friend with an intense workload, even though she believed that native Koreans would ask.